ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An optimization study by response surface methodology (RSM) on viscosity reduction of residue fuel oil exposed ultrasonic waves and solvent injection
In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was applied for investigation of the effects of ultrasonic waves, temperature and solvent concentration on viscosity reduction of residue fuel oil (RFO). Ultrasonic irradiation was employed at low frequency of 24 kHz and power of 280 W. The results showed that the combination of ultrasonic waves and solvent injection caused to further reduce of viscosity. To obtain optimum conditions and significant parameters, the results were analyzed by CCD method. In this method, maximum viscosity reduction (133 cSt) was attained in ultrasonic irradiation for 5 min, temperature of 50 °C and acetonitrile volumetric concentration of 5 % by means of experimental and three dimensional response surface plots. The kinematic viscosity decreased from 494 cSt to 133 cSt at the optimum conditions. In addition, a multiple variables model was developed by RSM which the second-order effect of ultrasonic irradiation time was significant on viscosity reduction of FRO. Finally, a comparison between the RSM with artificial neural network (ANN) was applied. The results demonstrated that both models, , were powerful to predict of kinematic viscosity of RFO. The results demonstrated that both models, RSM and ANN, with R2 more than 0.99 were powerful to predict kinematic viscosity of RFO.
https://www.ijche.com/article_15369_cb225a87336b9355e24ece7ec81c10b9.pdf
2016-01-01
3
19
residue fuel oil
Ultrasonic irradiation
Kinematic viscosity
optimization
Response surface methodology (RSM)
A.
Mohammadi Doust
mohammadidoust@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Rahimi
masoudrahimi@yahoo.com
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Feyzi
faizi.c@gmail.com
3
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
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50
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Synthesis of Expandable Polystyrene by Multi-Stage Initiator Dosing
Suspension polymerization process is commonly used to produce expandable polystyrene. In the conventional method for producing this polymer, two different initiators are added to the process at two different temperature levels. In the industrial scale, this process is time consuming and difficult to control. A new method (Multi-Stage Initiator Dosing, MID) is proposed, in which, the initiator is dosed into the reactor. In the laboratory and bench scale tests of this new method results in better control of the process, shorter reaction times and better quality of the product. Optimum temperature and dosing intervals are determined. The properties of the prepared samples by MID and conventional methods are compared with each other. According to the results obtained with the implementation of new methods for the production of expandable polystyrene reduce time process and consuming amount of initiator and because the initiator dosing in several stages, the suspension control would be easier. Also absorption rate was higher pentane and grain size better than the conventional.
https://www.ijche.com/article_15377_6d638f8bc05359f0dfee3a47c7afa450.pdf
2016-01-01
20
31
Expandable Polystyrene
Suspension Polymerization
Initiator dosing polymerization
Benzoyl peroxide
F.
derakhshanfard
f.dfard@gmail.com
1
Department of chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
vaziri
a.vaziri@srbiau.ac.ir
2
Department of chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
N.
Fazeli
naghmehfazeli@yahoo.com
3
Department of chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 14155/4933, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Heydarinasab
a_heidarinasab@yahoo.com
4
Department of chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 14155/4933, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Dowding, P. and Vincent, B., "Suspension polymerization to form polymer beads", Colloid Surface A., 161 (7), 259 (2000).
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[18] Parsa, M. A. andGhiass, M. and Moghbeli, M. R., "Mathematical Modelling and Phase Separation Kinetics of Polystyrene/Polyvinylmethylether Blend", Iran. Polym., 20 (9), 689 (2011). [19] Li, H. Wu, S. and Wu, J. et al.," A facile approach to the fabrication of graphene-based nanocomposites by latex mixing and in situ reduction", Colloid. Polym. Sci., 291 (8), 2279 (2013).
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[20] Wang, S. Chen, H. and Liu, N., "Ignition of expandable polystyrene foam by a hot particle: An experimental and numerical study", J. Hazard. Mater., 283 (8), 536 (2015).
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[21] Chen, W. Hao, H. and Hughes, D. et al., "Static and dynamic mechanical properties of expanded polystyrene", Mater. Design., 69 (10), 170 (2015).
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[22] Ferrándiz-Mas, V. and García-Alcocel, E., "Durability of expanded polystyrene mortars", Constr. Build. Mater., 46 (7), 175 (2013).
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[25] Derakhshanfard, F. Fazeli, N. Vaziri, A. and Heydarinasab, A., "Kinetic study of the synthesis of expandable polystyrene via “multi-stage initiator dosing” method", J. Polym. Res., 22 (6) (2015).
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Lipase Immobilized into Novel GPTMS: TMOS Derived Sol-Gels and Its Application for Biodiesel Production from Waste Oil
In this essay, lipase from Burkholderia cepacia was immobilized into 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) derived sol-gels. GPTMS:TMOS molar ratio of 1:3 was found to yield the best result. The morphological characteristics were investigated based on SEM and BET analysis. Sample mean pore diameter was 39.1 nm, it had a specific surface area of 60 m2/g prior to enzyme addition which decreased to 7.49 m2/g after immobilization. The enzyme activity was assessed through transesterification of waste cooking oil in the presence of ethanol with optimal conditions of: 40 ᵒC, 15 % immobilized lipase, 9:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio in 24 h of reaction which resulted to 91.70 % biodiesel production. In six-hour reaction time, 86.87 % biodiesel was obtained which is much shorter than conventional enzymatic transesterification which is 72 hours. Ethyl esters were characterized by determining their viscosity, density, and flash point based on ASTM D 6751-07b standards.
https://www.ijche.com/article_15375_ac278a44649b4945a490b30e900ce1ab.pdf
2016-01-01
32
46
Immobilization
Lipase
Sol-Gel
Biodiesel
Enzymatic Transesterification
M.
Nikpour
mojdeh.nickpour@yahoo.com
1
Department of Energy, Materials and Energy Research Center, Meshkin Dasht, Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Pazouki
mpazouki@merc.ac.ir
2
Department of Energy, Materials and Energy Research Center, Meshkin Dasht, Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1] Yusuf. N., Kamarudin S. K. and Yaakub Z., "Overview on the current trends in biodiesel production", Energy Convers. Manag., 52 (7), 2741 (2011).
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[2] Ghaly A. E. Dave, D. Brooks, M. S. and Budge S., "Production of biodiesel by enzymatic transesterification: Review", Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol., 6 (2), 54 (2010).
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[3] Makareviciene V. and Janulis P., "Environmental effect of rapeseed oil ethyl ester", Renew. Energy, 28 (15), 2395 (2003).
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[4] Orçaire, O. Buisson, P. and Pierre A. C., "Application of silica aerogel encapsulated lipases in the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification reactions", J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 42 (3), 106 (2006).
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[5] Macario A. Verri F. Diaz U. Corma A. and Giordano G., "Pure silica nanoparticles for liposome/lipase system encapsulation: Application in biodiesel production", Catal. Today, 204,148 (2013).
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[6] Elnashar M., "The Art of Immobilization using Biopolymers, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology", Biotechnol. Biopolym., 1(2), 3 (2011).
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[7] Noureddini, H. Gao, X. Joshi S. and Wagner P., "Immobilization of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase by sol-gel entrapment and its application in the hydrolysis of soybean oil", J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 79 (1), 33 (2002).
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[9] Macario, A. Moliner, M, Corma, A. and Giordano G., "Increasing stability and productivity of lipase enzyme by encapsulation in a porous organic–inorganic system", Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 118 (1), 334 (2009).
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[10] Noureddini, H. Gao, X. and Philkana R., "Immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase for biodiesel fuel production from soybean oil", Bioresour. Technol., 96 (7), 769 (2005).
10
[11] Meunier, S. M. and Legge R. L., "Evaluation of diatomaceous earth supported lipase sol–gels as a medium for enzymatic transesterification of biodiesel", J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 77 (7), 92 (2012).
11
[12] Kickelbick, G., Hybrid materials: synthesis, characterization, and applications. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, p. 327, 2007.
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[13] Nickpour, M. and Pazouki M., "Synthesis and Characteristics of Mesoporous Sol-gels for Lipase Immobilization", IJE, 27 (10), 1495 (2014).
13
[14] Reetz, M. T., "Practical Protocols for Lipase Immobilization Via Sol-Gel Techniques", Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells, 22 (10), 65 (2006).
14
[15] Hara, P. Hanefeld U. and Kanerva L. T., "Sol–gels and cross-linked aggregates of lipase PS from Burkholderia cepacia and their application in dry organic solvents", J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 50 (2–4), 80 (2008).
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[17] Guglielmi, M. Kickelbick G. and Martucci A., Sol-Gel Nanocomposites. Springer, Berlin, Germany, p. 5, 2014.
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[19] Shi, H. W. Liu, F. C. and Han E. H., "Characterization of self-assembled nano-phase silane-based particle coating", Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc., 20 (10), 1928 (2010).
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[20] Balbyshev, V. N. Anderson, K. L. Sinsawat, A. Farmer, B. L. and Donley M. S., "Modeling of nano-sized macromolecules in silane-based self-assembled nano-phase particle coatings", Prog. Org. coatings, 47 (3), 337 (2003).
20
[21] Reetz, M. T. Tielmann, P. Wiesenhöfer W. Könen W. and Zonta A., "Second Generation Sol-Gel Encapsulated Lipases: Robust Heterogeneous Biocatalysts", Adv. Synth. Catal., 345 (6), 717 (2003).
21
[22] Preda, G. Vlad-Oros, B. and Bizerea O., Sol-Gel Technology in Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors for Clinical Analysis. INTECH Open Access Publisher, p. 381, 2011.
22
[23] Persson, M. Mladenoska, I. Wehtje, E. and Adlercreutz P., "Preparation of lipases for use in organic solvents", Enzyme Microb. Technol., 31 (6), 833 (2002).
23
[24] Noureddini, H. and Gao X., "Characterization of sol-gel immobilized lipases", J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 41 (1), 31 (2007).
24
[25] Koskinen, A. and Klibanov A., Enzymatic reactions in organic media. Springer, Berlin, Germany, p. 21, 1996.
25
[26] Atadashi, M. Aroua, M. Abdul Aziz, R. Sulaiman, M. and Aziz, A., "The effects of water on biodiesel production and refining technologies: A review", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 16 (5), 3456 (2012).
26
[27] Liu, C. Huang, C. Wang, Y. Lee, D. and Chang J., "Biodiesel production by enzymatic transesterification catalyzed by Burkholderia lipase immobilized on hydrophobic magnetic particles", Appl. Energy, 100 (0). 41 (2012).
27
[28] Ban, K. Kaieda, M. Matsumoto, T. Kondo, A. and Fukuda H., "Whole cell biocatalyst for biodiesel fuel production utilizing Rhizopus oryzae cells immobilized within biomass support particles", Biochem. Eng. J., 8 (1), 39 (2001).
28
[29] Hsu, A. Jones, K. C. Foglia, T. A. and Marmer W. N., "Optimization of alkyl ester production from grease using a phyllosilicate sol-gel immobilized lipase", Biotechnol. Lett., 25 (20), 1713 (2003).
29
[30] Verma, M. L. Barrow, C. J. and Puri, M., "Nanobiotechnology as a novel paradigm for enzyme immobilisation and stabilisation with potential applications in biodiesel production", Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 97 (1), 23 (2013).
30
[31] Meunier, S. M. and Legge R. L., "Evaluation of diatomaceous earth as a support for sol–gel immobilized lipase for transesterification", J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 62 (1), 53 (2010).
31
[32] Tran, D. T. Chen, C. L. and Chang, J. S., "Immobilization of Burkholderia sp. lipase on a ferric silica nanocomposite for biodiesel production", J. Biotechnol., 158 (3), 112 (2012).
32
[33] Kawakami, K. Ueno, M. Takei, T. Oda Y. and Takahashi R., "Application of a Burkholderia cepacia lipase-immobilized silica monolith micro-bioreactor to continuous-flow kinetic resolution for transesterification of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol", Process Biochem. , 47 (1), 147 (2012).
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
CO2 biofixation by Dunaliella Salina in batch and semi-continuous cultivations, using hydrophobic and hydrophilic poly ethylene (PE) hollow fiber membrane photobioreactors
In this work, performance of hollow fiber membrane photobioreactor (HFMPB) on the growth of Dunaliella Salina (G26) at various aeration rates (0.1 and 0.2 VVm) and medium re-circulation flow rates (500 and 1000 mL/h) were studied. Cultivation was carried out at both batch and semi-continuous modes in HFMPBs containing neat and hydrophilized in-house fabricated poly ethylene (PE) membranes at fixed light intensity of 300 µmol m-2 s-1and temperature of 30 oC. Microalgae showed better growth in hydrophobic module in both cultivation modes and modules. Maximum biomass concentration, CO2 biofixation and specific growth rates equal with 0.71g L-1, 1.102g L-1 d-1 and 0.224d-1 were obtained for non-wetted membranes, respectively. Comparing the performance of both modules showed that the impact of cultivation mode on the CO2 biofixation rate and CO2 removal is more pronounced than the impact of mass transfer resistance in membrane contactors. The obtained results show that the mean CO2 biofixation rates in semi-continuous cultivation for both neat and hydrophilized modules are higher than that in batch cultivation in all operating conditions. It was also found that the hydrophobic membranes are much preferable than hydrophilic membrane in HFMPBs.
https://www.ijche.com/article_15373_13d1dbfd8949afa056f5f981545a37e0.pdf
2016-01-01
47
59
Biofixation
Carbon capture
Microalgae
Hollow fiber membrane
Photobioreactor (HFMPB)
membrane wettability
V.
Mortezaeikia
mortazayikiya@ut.ac.ir
1
Process/production department, South Pars Gas Complex (SPGC), Asaluyeh, Iran
AUTHOR
R.
Yegani
ryegani@sut.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.A.
Hejazi
aminhejazi@yahoo.com
3
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of West & North-West, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Chegini
s_chegini7@yahoo.com
4
Membrane Technology Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Keith, D. W., "Why Capture CO2 from the Atmosphere? ", Sci., 325, 1654 (2009).
1
[2] Grobbelaar, J., "Factors governing algal growth in photobioreactors: the open versus closed debate," J. Appl. Phycol., 21, 489 (2009).
2
[3] Posten, C., "Design principles of photo-bioreactors for cultivation of microalgae," Engineering in Life Sciences, 9, 165 (2009).
3
[4] Cheng, L. Zhang, L. Chen, H. and Gao, C., "Carbon dioxide removal from air by microalgae cultured in a membrane-photobioreactor", Sep. Purif. Technol., 50, 324 (2006).
4
[5] Lam, M. K. Lee, K. T. and Mohamed, A. R., "Current status and challenges on microalgae-based carbon capture", Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control, 10, 456 (2012).
5
[6] Pires, J. C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, M. C. M. Martins, F. G. and Simues, M., "Carbon dioxide capture from flue gases using microalgae: Engineering aspects and biorefinery concept", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 3043 (2012).
6
[7] Fan, L. H. Zhang, Y. T. Cheng, L. H. Zhang, L. Tang, D. S. and Chen, H. L. "Optimization of Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Chlorella vulgaris Cultivated in a Membrane-Photobioreactor", Chem. Eng. Technol., 30, 1094 (2007).
7
[8] Fan, L. H. Zhang, Y. T. Zhang, L. and Chen, H. L., "Evaluation of a membrane-sparged helical tubular photobioreactor for carbon dioxide biofixation by Chlorella vulgaris", J. Membr. Sci., 325, 336 (2008).
8
[9] Maximous, N. Nakhla, G. and Wan, W. "Comparative assessment of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane fouling in wastewater applications", J. Membr. Sci., 339, 93 (2009).
9
[10] Mortezaeikia, V. Tavakoli, O. Yegani, R. Faramarzi, M. A., "Cyanobacterial CO2 biofixation in batch and semicontinuous cultivations, using hydrophobic and hydrophilic hollow fiber membrane photobioreactors", Green. Gases: Sci. Technol., 5, In press, (2015), DOI:10.1002/ghg.1542
10
[11] Adibi, A. Evaluation Of Effective Factors On Lipid Extraction Process From Microalgae, MsC thesis, Sahand University of Technology,Tabriz, Iran, Sep. (2011).
11
[12] Katsuda, T. Yegani, R. Fujii, N. Igarashi, K. Yoshimura, S. and Katoh, S., "Effects of light intensity distribution on growth of Rhodobacter capsulatus", Biotechnol. Progr., 20, 998 (2004).
12
[13] Yegani, R. Yoshimura, S. Moriya, K. Katsuda, T. and Katoh, S., "Improvement of growth stability of photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus", J. biosci. bioeng., 100, 672 (2005).
13
[14] Hejazi, M. A., "Selective extraction of carotenoids from the microalga Dunaliella salina with retention of viability", Biotechnol. bioeng, 79, 29 (2002).
14
[15] Carvalho, A. P. and Malcata, F. X., "Transfer of Carbon Dioxide within Cultures of Microalgae: Plain Bubbling versus Hollow-Fiber Modules", Biotechnol. Progr., 17, 265 (2001).
15
[16] Tang, D. Han, W. Li, P. Miao, X. and Zhong, J., "CO2 biofixation and fatty acid composition of Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa in response to different CO2 levels", Bioresour. Technol. 102, 3071 (2011).
16
[17] Chisti, Y. "Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol", Trends. biotechnol. 26, 126 (2008).
17
[18] Reichert, C. C. Reinehr, C. O. and Costa, J. A. V., "Semicontinuous cultivation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in a closed photobioreactor", Br. J. Chem. Engin. 23, 23 (2006).
18
[19] Chiu, S. Y. et al., "Reduction of CO2 by a high-density culture of Chlorella sp. in a semicontinuous photobioreactor", Bioresour. Technol., 99, 3389 (2008).
19
[20] Richmond, A., Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology, John Wiley & Sons, (2008).
20
[21] Kumar, et al., "A hollow fiber membrane photo-bioreactor for CO2 sequestration from combustion gas coupled with wastewater treatment: a process engineering approach", J. Chem.Technol. Biotech., 85, 387 (2010)
21
[22] Ferreira, B. S. Fernandes, H. L. Reis, A. and Mateus, M.," Microporous hollow fibres for carbon dioxide absorption: Mass transfer model fitting and the supplying of carbon dioxide to microalgal cultures", J. Chem. Technol.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Bubble formation on a single orifice in a gas solid fluidized bed using digital image analysis
Digital Image Analysis (DIA) has been employed to characterize the time evolution of a bubble injected from a single orifice into a pseudo 2-dimansional gas-solid fluidized bed. The injected bubble diameter increased with the square root of time before detachment. During bubble free flight in the bed, its diameter remains approximately constant. The center of mass of the bubble increases with the second power of the time. The results show that the classical models for bubble injection can predict the time evolution of bubble diameter, and its center of mass. Bubble tends to elongate during injection and after detachment its height to width aspect ratio decreases. Image analyzing results used also for the study of gas leakage from the bubble to emulsion phase, and it has been shown that the dense phase expands up to 1.04 times of the minimum fluidization condition for large bubbles. The expansion ratio of the dense phase increases linearly with bubble diameter.
https://www.ijche.com/article_15370_fe46e1bc9d36bfb0cc71448686313e2d.pdf
2016-01-01
60
72
fluidized bed
bubble formation
Digital image analysis
A.
Dehghan Lotfabad
dehghan.dv@gmail.com
1
School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16765-163, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Movahedirad
movahedirad@iust.ac.ir
2
School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16765-163, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.T.
Sadeghi
sadeghi@iust.ac.ir
3
School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16765-163, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Dehnavi, M. A. Shahhosseini, S. Hashemabadi, S. H. and Ghafelebashi, S. M., "CFD based evaluation of polymer particles heat transfer coefficient in gas phase polymerization reactors", Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer., 35 (10), 1375 (2008).
1
[2] Marschall, K. J. R and Mleczko, L., "Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas in Various Types of Fluidized-Bed Reactors", Chem. Eng. Technol., 23 (1), 31 (2000).
2
[3] Dosta, M. Antonyuk, S. and Heinrich,S., "Multiscale Simulation of the Fluidized Bed Granulation Process", Chem. Eng. Technol., 35 (8), 1373 (2012).
3
[4] Movahedirad, S. Molaei Dehkordi, A. Banaei, M. Deen, N. G. van Sint Annaland M. and Kuipers, J. A. M., "Bubble Size Distribution in Two-Dimensional Gas–Solid Fluidized Beds", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51 (18), 6571 (2012).
4
[5] Movahedirad, S. Molaei Dehkordi, A. Abbaszade Molaei, E. Haghi, M. Banaei, M. and Kuipers, J. A. M., "Bubble Splitting in a Pseudo2D Gas - Solid Fluidized Bed for Geldart B-Type Particles", Chem. Eng. Technol., 37 (12), 2096 (2014).
5
[6] Kuipers, J. A. M. Prins, W. and Van Swaaij, W. P. M., "Theoretical and experimental bubble formation at a single orifice in a two-dimensional gas-fluidized bed", Chem. Eng. Sci., 46 (11), 2881 (1991).
6
[7] Sun, L. Zhao, F. Zhang, Q. Li, D. and Lu, H., "Numerical Simulation of Particle Segregation in Vibration Fluidized Beds", Chem. Eng. Technol., 37 (12), 2109 (2014).
7
[8] Olaofe, O. O. van der Hoef, M. A. and Kuipers, J. A. M., "Bubble formation at a single orifice in a 2D gas-fluidized bed", Chem. Eng. Sci., 66 (12), 2764 (2011).
8
[9] Movahedirad, S. Dehkordi, A. M. Deen, N. G. van Sint Annaland, M. and Kuipers, J. A. M. H., "Novel phenomenological discrete bubble model of freely bubbling dense gas–solid fluidized beds: Application to two‐dimensional beds", AIChE J., 58 (11), 3306 (2012).
9
[10] Movahedirad, S. Ghafari, M. Dehkordi, A. M., "Discrete Bubble Model for Prediction of Bubble Behavior in 3D Fluidized Beds",Chem. Eng. Technol., 35 (5), 929 (2012).
10
[11] Movahedirad, S. Ghafari, M. and Dehkordi, A. M., "A Novel Model for Predicting the Dense Phase Behavior of 3D Gas‐Solid Fluidized Beds", Chem. Eng. Technol., 37 (1), 103 (2012).
11
[12] Bokkers, G. A. Laverman, J. A. van Sint Annaland, M. and Kuipers, J. A. M., "Modelling of large-scale dense gas–solid bubbling fluidised beds using a novel discrete bubble model", Chem Eng Sci., 61 (17), 5590 (2006).
12
[13] Nieuwland, J. J., "Hydrodynamic modelling of gas-solid two-phase flows" Ph.D. Thesis, Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands. (1995).
13
[14] Nieuwland, J. J. Veenendaal, M. L. Kuipers, J. A. M. and van Swaaij, W. P. M., "Bubble formation at a single orifice in gas-fluidised beds", Chem. Eng. Sci., 51 (17) , 4087 (1996).
14
[15] Verma, V. Padding, J. T. Deen N. G. and Kuipers, J. A. M., "Bubble formation at a central orifice in a gas–solid fluidized bed predicted by three-dimensional two-fluid model simulations", Chem. Eng. J., 245, 217 (2014).
15
[16] Huttenhuis, P. J. G. Kuipers, J. A. M. and van Swaaij, W. P. M., "The effect of gas-phase density on bubble formation at a single orifice in a two-dimensional gas-fluidized bed", Chem. Eng. Sci., 51 (24) ,5273 (1996).
16
[17] Rong, L, Zhan, J. and Wu, C., "Effect of various parameters on bubble formation due to a single jet pulse in two-dimensional coarse-particle fluidized beds", Adv. Powder Technol., 23 (3), 398 (2012).
17
[18] Harrison, D. and Leung, L. S., "Bubble formation at an orifice in a fluidized bed", Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 39 ,409 (1961).
18
[19] Yang, W. C. Revay, D. Anderson, R. G. Chelen, E. J. Keairns, D. L. and Cicero, D. C., "Fluidization Phenomena in a large-scale, cold-flow model", in: Kunii, D., Toei R., (Eds.), Fluidization IV, Engineering Foundation, New York, p. 77 (1984).
19
[20] Zenz, F. A., "Bubble Formation and Grid Design", Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser., 136, 136 (1968).
20
[21] Caram, H. S. and Hsu, K. K., "Bubble formation and gas leakage in fluidized beds", Chem. Eng. Sci., 41 (6), 1445 (1986).
21
[22] Busciglio, A. Vella, G. Micale, G. and Rizzuti, L., "Experimental analysis of bubble size distributions in 2D gas fluidized beds", Chem. Eng. Sci., 65 (16), 4782 (2010).
22
[23] Busciglio, A. Grisafi, F. Scargiali, F. and Brucato, A., "On the measurement of bubble size distribution in gas–liquid contactors via light sheet and image analysis", Chem. Eng. Sci., 65 (8), 2558 (2010).
23
[24] Asegehegn, T. W. Schreiber, M. and Krautz, H. J., "Investigation of bubble behavior in fluidized beds with and without immersed horizontal tubes using a digital image analysis technique", Powder Technology., 210 (3), 248 (2011).
24
[25] Caicedo, G. R. Marqués, J. P. Ruı́z, M. G. and Soler, J. G., "A study on the behaviour of bubbles of a 2D gas–solid fluidized bed using digital image analysis", Chem. Eng. Process.: Process Intensification, 42 (1), 9 (2003).
25
[26] Bokkers, G. A. van Sint Annaland, M. and Kuipers, J. A. M., "Mixing and segregation in a bidisperse gas–solid fluidised bed: a numerical and experimental study", Powder Technol., 140 (3), 176 (2004).
26
[27] Geldart, D., "Types of gas fluidization”, Powder Technol., 7 (5), 285 (1973).
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prediction of the Effect of Polymer Membrane Composition in a Dry Air Humidification Process via Neural Network Modeling
Utilization of membrane humidifiers is one of the methods commonly used to humidify reactant gases in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). In this study, polymeric porous membranes with different compositions were prepared to be used in a membrane humidifier module and were employed in a humidification test. Three different neural network models were developed to investigate several parameters, such as casting solution composition, membrane thickness, operating pressure, and flow rate of input dry air which have an impact on relative humidity of the exhausted air after humidification process. The three mentioned models included Feed- Forward Back- Propagation (FBP), Radial Basis Function (RBF), and Feed- Forward Genetic Algorithm (FFGA). The developed models were verified by experimental data. The results showed that the feed- forward neural network models, especially FFGA, were suitable for prediction of the effect of membrane composition and operating conditions on the performance of this type of membrane humidifiers
https://www.ijche.com/article_15046_1ab0ee14eaf84148a3e2f6f714d54452.pdf
2016-01-01
73
83
Membrane humidifier
Membrane contactor
Dry air
Neural network modeling
Genetic Algorithm
M.
Fakhroleslam
fakhroleslam@ut.ac.ir
1
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Samimi
armin.sam@gmail.com
2
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
S.A.
Mousavi
musavi@sharif.edu
3
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
R.
Rezaei
raziye.rezaei@gmail.com
4
Chemical Engineering Department, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Mulder, M., Basic principles of membrane technology. 1996: Springer Science & Business Media.
1
[2] Esato, K. and Eiseman, B., "Experimental evaluation of Gore-Tex membrane oxygenator", J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 69 (5), 690 (1975).
2
[3] Qi, Z. and Cussler, E., "Microporous hollow fibers for gas absorption: I. Mass transfer in the liquid", J. Membrane Sci., 23 (3), 321 (1985).
3
[4] Zhang, H. Y. Wang, R. Liang, D. T. and Tay, J. H., "Theoretical and experimental studies of membrane wetting in the membrane gas–liquid contacting process for CO 2 absorption", J. Membrane Sci., 308 (1), 162 (2008).
4
[5] Büchi, F. N. and Srinivasan, S., "Operating proton exchange membrane fuel cells without external humidification of the reactant gases fundamental aspects", J. Electrochem. Soc., 144 (8), 2767 (1997).
5
[6] Chen, D. Li, W. and Peng, H., "An experimental study and model validation of a membrane humidifier for PEM fuel cell humidification control", J. Power Sources, 180 (1), 461 (2008).
6
[7] Park, S. and Oh, I. H., "An analytical model of Nafion™ membrane humidifier for proton exchange membrane fuel cells", J. Power Sources, 188 (2), 498 (2009).
7
[8] Park, S. K. Choe, S. Y, and Choi, S. h., "Dynamic modeling and analysis of a shell-and-tube type gas-to-gas membrane humidifier for PEM fuel cell applications", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 33 (9), 2273 (2008).
8
[9] Kadylak, D. and Mérida, W., "Experimental verification of a membrane humidifier model based on the effectiveness method", J. Power Sources, 195 (10), 3166 (2010)
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Empirical Correlation to Predict the Ignition Delay Time for Some Hydrocarbon Fuels
Examination of the available ignition delay time data and correlations in the case of methane, butane, heptane, decane, kerosene, Jet-A and ethylene fuels, allowed the derivation and recommendation of standard equations for this property. In this study, a new accurate substance dependent equation for ignition delay time as a function of pressure, number of carbon atoms, mixture equivalence ratio, fuel mole fraction and temperature has been developed to estimate ignition delay time of some hydrocarbon fuels. With the presented model, ignition delay time has been calculated and compared with the data reported in literature. The accuracy of the obtained model has been compared to the mostly used predictive models and the comparison indicated that the proposed correlation provides more accurate results than other models used in the previous works.
https://www.ijche.com/article_12114_159ea26035a75043ccec48f2f9f98ce0.pdf
2016-01-01
84
97
Hydrocarbon Fuels
Ignition Delay Time
Shock Tube
Modeling
Correlation
F. S.
Shariatmadar
1
Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Sh.
Ghanbari Pakdehi
2
Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M. A.
Zarei
3
Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Irwin, R. E. A study of the spontaneous ignition delay of hot lean mixtures of gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and air in a flowsystem, MSc Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, (1957).
1
[2] Horning, D. A study of the high-temperature autoignition and thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, Report No. TSD-135, (2001).
2
[3] Colket, M. B. and Spadaccini, L. J., "Scramjet fuels autoignition study", J. Propul. Power., 17 (2), 315 (2001).
3
[4] Davidson, D. F. and Hanson, R. K., "Interpreting shock tube ignition data", Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 36 (9), 510 (2004).
4
[5] Horning, D. C. Davidson, D. F. and Hanson, R. K., "Study of the high-temperature autoignition of n-alkane/O2/Ar mixtures", J. Propul. Power, 18 (2), 363 (2002).
5
[6] Imbert, B. Lafosse, F. Catoire, L. Paillard, C. E. and Khasainov, B., "Formulation reproducing the ignition delays simulated by a detailed mechanism: Application to n-heptane combustion", Combust. Flame, 155 (3), 380 (2008).
6
[7] Balagurunathan, J. Investigation of ignition delay times of conventional (Jp-8) and synthetic (S-8) jet fuels: A shock tube study, MSc Thesis, University of Dayton, Dayton (2011).
7
[8] Petersen, E. L. Davidson, D. F. and Hanson, R. K., "Ignition delay times of ram accelerator CH4/O2/diluent mixtures", J. Propul. Power, 15 (1), 82 (1999).
8
[9] Petersen, E. L. Davidson, D. F. Rohrig, M. and Hanson, R. K., "Shock-induced ignition of high-pressure H2-O2-Ar and CH4-O2-Ar mixtures", Proceeding of The 31st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, AIAA paper, San Diego, California, United States, pp. 1-10 (1995).
9
[10] Grillo, A. and Slack, M. W., "Shock tube study of ignition delay times in methane-oxygen-nitrogen-argon mixtures", Combust. Flame, 27, 377 (1976).
10
[11] Burcat, A. Farmer, R. F. and Matula, R. A., "Shock initiated ignition in heptane-oxygen-argon mixtures", Proceedings of The 13th Int. Symp. on Shock Tubes and Waves, Niagara Falls, USA, 13, pp. 826–833 (1981).
11
[12] Olchanski, E. and Burcat, A., "Decane oxidation in a shock tube", Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 38 (12), 703 (2006).
12
[13] Jinhu, L. Su, W. Honghao, H. Shengtao, Zh. Bingcheng, F. and Jiping, C., "Shock tube study of kerosene ignition delay at high pressures", Phys. Mech. Astron., 55 (6), 947 (2012).
13
[14] Vasu, S. S., Measurements of ignition times, OH time-histories, and reaction rates in jet fuel and surrogate oxidation systems, PhD Thesis, Stanford University, California, United States, (2010).
14
[15] Edwards, T., "Liquid fuels and propellants for aerospace propulsion", J. Propul. Power, 19 (6), 1089 (2003).
15
[16] Violi, A. Yan, S. Eddings, E. G. Sarofim, A. F. Granata, S. Faravelli, T. and Ranzi, E., "Experimental formulation and kinetic model for JP-8 surrogate mixtures", Combust. Sci. Technol., 174 (11), 399 (2002).
16
[17] Edwards, T. and Maurice, L. Q., "Surrogate mixtures to represent complex aviation and rocket fuels", J. Propul. Power, 17 (2), 461 (2001).
17
[18] Gueret, C. Cathonnet, M. Boettner, J. C. and Gaillard, F., "Experimental study and modeling of kerosene oxidation in a jet-stirred flow reactor", Proc. Combust. Inst., 23, 211 (1990).
18
[19] Dean, A. J. Penyazkov, O. G. Sevruk, K. L. and Varatharajan, B., "Ignition of aviation kerosene at high temperatures", Proceeding of The 20th Int. Coll. on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS), Montreal, Canada, 31, pp. 1-4 (2005).
19
[20] Zhukov, V. P. Sechenov, V. A. and Starikovskiy, A. Y., "Autoignition of kerosene (Jet-A)/air mixtures behind reflected shock waves", Fuel, 126, 169 (2014).
20
[21] Saxena, S. Kahandawala, M. S. P. and Sidhu, S. S., "A shock tube study of ignition delay in the combustion of ethylene", Combust. Flame, 158 (6), 1019 (2011).
21
[22] Baker, J. A. and Skinner, G. B., "Shock-tube studies on the ignition of ethylene-oxygen-argon mixtures", Flame, 19, 347 (1972).
22
[23] Hidaka, Y. Kataoka, T. and Suga, M., "A shock-tube investigation of ignition in ethylene–oxygen–argon mixtures", Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 47 (9), 2166 (1974).
23
[24] Kalitan, D. M. Hall, J. M. and Petersen, E. L., "Ignition and oxidation of ethylene-oxygen-diluent mixtures with and without silane", J. Propul. Power, 21 (6), 1045 (2005).
24
[25] Zhukov, V. P. Sechenov, V. A. and Starikovskii, A. Y., "Spontaneous ignition of methane-air mixtures in a wide range of pressures", Combust. Explos. Shock. Waves, 39 (5), 487 (2003).
25
[26] Zhukov, V. P. Sechenov, V. A. and Starikovskii, A. Y., "Autoignition of n-decane at high pressure", Combust. Flame, 153 (1), 130 (2008).
26
[27] Zhukov, V. P. Sechenov, V. A. and Starikovskiy, A. Y., "Ignition delay times of kerosene (Jet-A)/air mixtures", Proceeding of The 31st Symposium on Combustion, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 1-15 (2006).
27
[28] Brown, C. J. and Thomas, G. O., "Experimental studies of shock-induced ignition and transition to detonation in ethylene and propane mixtures", Combust. Flame, 117 (4), 861 (1999).
28