Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53973420061001Experimental study of the shape and motion of flattened drops in a Hele-Shaw Cell31615224ENJournal Article20160530> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The motion and shape of a flattened drop and bubble through another continuous liquid</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>phase (conveying phase) are investigated experimentally, using a narrow gap HeleShaw cell. Seven different liquid-liquid systems were tested. In all cases the continuous</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>phase was the more viscous wetting phase. A number of observations on the shape and</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>motion of the elongated flattened drops are noted and discussed. In the capillaritydominated (Ca<1.69</em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">×<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>10</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-6</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>) region, the irregular shape of the discontinuous phase</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>drops changed with time and position, and the drop velocity was much lower than that</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>of the conveying phase. Three different shapes of stabilized elongated drops were</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>observed at higher Capillary numbers. The conditions that lead to the appearance of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>stabilized elongated drops are discussed. The velocities of these stabilized elongated</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>flattened drops were 2 to 4.7 times higher than that of the conveying liquid. A</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>correlation to predict the elongated flattened drop shape as a function of the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>dimensionless parameters governing the system is developed based on the experimental</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>results.</em> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53973420061001On the Selection of Proper Thermodynamic Conditions for the Gas Antisolvent Process (GAS) at Nearcritical and Supercritical Conditions172215225ENJournal Article20160530<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>In this work the volume expansion for the binary systems of ethanol and toluene, as</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>industrial organic solvents, in the presence of nearcritical and supercritical carbon</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>dioxide, CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>, at a temperature range of 293 to 333 K has been meticulously measured.</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The effect of the temperature and pressure of binary systems on volume expansion for</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>organic solvents have also been investigated. It can be observed that by increasing the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>pressure of the system at a constant temperature, the volume of the liquid phase</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>increases smoothly, while at higher pressures a sudden volume expansion can occur.</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The range of pressure that can lead to a sudden increase in the volume expansion of the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>liquid phase in each specified temperature can be reported as a proper condition in</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>producing micro and nanoparticles. The experimental data for the volume expansion of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>organic solvents were modeled using the conventional cubic Peng Robinson equation of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>state. The Average Absolute Relative Deviation percent (AARD%) for the binary</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>systems of ethanol + CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and toluene + CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>were reported as 14.9% and 15.1%. As</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>inferred, it is vital to develop a thermodynamic model with greater accuracy in order to</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>correlate the volume expansion of the systems studied in this work at various</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>conditions.</em> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53973420061001Determination of the Kinetic Parameters and Dynamic Modeling of the Reactor for the Direct Conversion of Synthesis gas to Di-methyl ether233415226ENJournal Article20160530"> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>In the present study the reaction kinetic and dynamic modeling of the reactor for syngas</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>transformation into dimethyl ether using a mixture of a metallic oxides (CuO, ZnO,</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Al</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>O</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>), and an acidic component (</em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">γ<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-Al</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>O</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>) as the catalyst has been investigated. A</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>combination of the Graff kinetic model for methanol synthesis and the Bercic model for</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>methanol dehydration was correlated with the experimental results obtained in this</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>study. Activity and kinetic measurements were carried out using a catalytic fixed bed</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>micro reactor. The operating temperature range was 230-300 </em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">°<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>C and the pressure was</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>8 barg. The experimental runs were performed applying a wide range of catalyst to feed</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>ratios. A simple dynamic model for the reactor performance was developed and tested</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>with the experimental data. The mean absolute deviation, concerning the data for the</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>steady state conditions, was less than 8%.</em> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53973420061001Characterization of Lithium Ion Transport Via Dialysis Process354315227ENJournal Article20160530<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Dialysis is a membrane based separation process in which the concentration gradient</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>across the membrane is the driving force resulting in a flow of material from one side</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>of the membrane to the other. In this study membranes (Accurel, Celgard, GVHP,</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>PM30 and PTHK) with different pore sizes were employed to characterise the transport</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>of lithium ion in various (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2.5 w/v percent) initial feed</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>concentrations via the dialysis process. This may be considered as a basis for</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>wastewater treatment containing metal ions. The results show that low initial feed</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>concentration causes less passage of ions through the membrane due to low driving</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>force i.e. concentration gradient across the membrane. The investigation of the effect of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>membrane pore size on ion transport revealed that large pore size membranes provide</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>less penetration of the metal ions through the membrane. These reproducible results,</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>which are not expected, have been explained by the transport mechanism. Two types of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>mechanisms (extensive versus intensive) have been suggested for metal ion transport</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>through different membranes. If the mechanism of ion transport is intensive, more ions</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>pass through the membrane. Extensive mechanism results in lower ion transport</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>through the membrane.</em> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53973420061001A hybrid neural–genetic algorithm for predicting pure and impure CO2 minimum miscibility pressure445915228ENJournal Article20160530"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Accurate prediction of the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) in a gas injection</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>process is crucial to optimizing the management of gas injection projects. Because the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>experimental determination of MMP is very expensive and time-consuming, searching</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>for a fast and robust mathematical determination of CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-oil MMP is usually</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>requested. This paper presents a new model based on a hybrid neural-genetic</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>algorithm for predicting pure and impure CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-oil MMP. The CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-oil MMP of a</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>reservoir fluid was correlated with the reservoir temperature, the composition of the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>oil, and that of the solution gas. The developed model is able to reflect the impacts on</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>–oil MMP of the molecular weight of the C</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>5+ </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>fraction, reservoir temperature,</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and solution gas in the oil. The validity of this new model was successfully approved by</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>comparing the model results to the calculated results for the common pure and impure</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-oil MMP correlations. The new model yielded the accurate prediction of the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>experimental slim-tube CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-oil MMP with the lowest mean absolute percentage error</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>(MAPE), the standard deviation of error (SD), the root mean square error (RMSE), and</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the highest correlation coefficient among tested impure and pure CO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-oil MMP</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>correlations. The results demonstrate that the hybrid neural-genetic model can be</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>applied successfully and provide high accuracy and reliability for MMP forecasting.</em> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53973420061001A Study of Flow and Mixing in Bubbly Gas-Liquid Pipe Flow Generated by a Grid607515229ENJournal Article20160530<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The spreading of a tracer in a bubbly two-phase grid-generated turbulent flow system</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>is studied. In this work both particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planer laser-induced</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>fluorescence (PLIF) are used to study the effect of the dispersed phase flow rate on the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>mixing characteristics of the tracer. The turbulent intensity of the continuous phase in</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the bubbly two-phase grid-generated turbulent flow is close to isotropic, and increasing</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the gas void fraction reduces the degree of non-isotropicity. The self-similarity of mean</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and RMS values of the cross-stream concentration distribution is observed. A new</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>mathematical model is suggested to describe the self-similarity of the cross-stream</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>profiles of the mean concentration based on two separate Gaussian curves into the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>central and outer region of the flow. The turbulent diffusivity is calculated using the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Taylor hypothesis, which is based on the growth of the variance of the cross-stream</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>profiles of the mean concentration, with a position along the direction of the flow. An</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>increase in the void fraction does not affect the diffusivity of the superimposed</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>distribution of the plume in the central region, however it did increase in the outer</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>region.</em> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span>