Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-539712220150401Study on the Effect of Humidity on Electrical Properties of Copper-Silica Aerogel31211231ENN. YasrebiTransport Phenomena Research Center, Chemical Engineering Faculty,
Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, IranJ. MoghaddasTransport Phenomena Research Center, Chemical Engineering Faculty,
Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20151013> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Copper-silica aerogel was synthesized by the sol-gel method and was heated at 400,</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>500 and 600°C for 3 h in the air. The gained materials were named as sample (a), (b)</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and (c) respectively. Then all samples were characterized by FE-SEM, EDX and</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>FTIR spectroscopy. For resistance measurements the pulverized material was</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>pressed to form a disk-type sensor. The measurements of resistance in the relative</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>humidity range of 11.3-84.3% were performed for all samples. For the following</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>experiments sample (a) was chosen. Then the response time and stability properties</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>were examined. The response time of 7.5 minutes was obtained and the stability</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>graphs showed that in the higher RH the sensor was more stable.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-539712220150401Experimental and CFD Study of the Tube Configuration Effect on the Shell-Side Thermal Performance in a Shell and Helically Coiled Tube Heat Exchanger132511232ENR. BeigzadehCFD Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranA. ParvarehCFD Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0000000202181162M. RahimiCFD Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranJournal Article20151013"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Despite numerous studies of shell and helically coiled tube heat exchangers, a few</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>investigations on the heat transfer and flow characteristic consider the geometrical</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>effects like coil pitch. Moreover, this scarcity is highlighted for the shell side of this</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>type of heat exchangers. This study reports experimental and Computational Fluid</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Dynamics (CFD) investigations on heat transfer and flow characteristics of a shell</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and helically coiled tube heat exchanger. The experiments were carried out using a</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>helically coiled tube, which was placed in a cylindrical shell. Hot and cold water</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>were used as the process fluids on the tube and shell side, respectively. The CFD</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>modeling technique was employed to describe the experimental results, fluid flow</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>pattern, and temperature profiles as well as dead zones in the heat exchanger.</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Quantitative predicted results of CFD modeling show a good agreement with the</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>experimental data for temperature. The effect of the coil pitch on heat transfer rate</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>was numerically studied and it was found that the heat transfer coefficient intensifies</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>with an increase in coil pitch. The average turbulent kinetic energy (k) for the old</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>coil tube and twice coil pitch heat exchanger was computed as 2.9×10</em><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-3 </em><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and 3.3×10</em><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-3</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>m</em> <span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>/s</em><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>, respectively. This indicates an increase of about 14% in flow turbulent kinetic</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>energy. Nusselt numbers were compared with those estimated using published</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>correlation and a mean relative error (MRE) of 14.5% was found between the</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>experimental and predicted data. However, a good agreement was obtained in lower</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>shell Reynolds numbers (lower than Re=200).</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-539712220150401Simulation of Leaching of Starch from Potato in a Batch Extractor263611233ENB. Abbasi SourakiChemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, IranR. HasanzadehChemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, IranJournal Article20151013> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>In this paper, extraction of starch and protein from potato during leaching in a batch</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>extractor, using distilled water as the solvent, was investigated. The experiments</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>were carried out by soaking bulk of infinite slab shape potato samples in distilled</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>water in a temperature and agitation controlled batch extractor at the three</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>temperatures of 30, 45 and 55ºC. A mathematical model was developed for</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>prediction of mass transfer during the leaching process, by defining a partition factor</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>(K) as the ratio of the concentration on the surface of the body to that in the bulk of</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>solution. Diffusion coefficients of the solutes and moisture were obtained by fitting</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the experimental data of solute loss and moisture gain to the first six terms of the</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>series solution of the mathematical model by using a non-linear regression analysis.</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The diffusivity values for starch, protein and moisture were evaluated between</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>0.273</em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">u<span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>10</em><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-10 </em><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and 1.577</em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">u<span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>10</em><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-10 </em><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>m</em><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>/s, with adjustment parameter R2 values in the range</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>of 0.941 to 0.986 and mean relative error (MRE) values between 0.092 and 0.356,</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>respectively. Results showed that the proposed model could be used for explaining</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the diffusion of solutes and moisture into the potatoes, during the leaching process,</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>with acceptable degree of goodness.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-539712220150401CFD Insight of the Flow Dynamics and Velocity Fields in a Gas Turbine Combustor with a Swirl Flame374911234ENA. R. Bahramian*Department of Chemical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, IranJournal Article20151013<span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of gas turbine combustor were</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>performed for CH</em><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>4</em><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>/air flow with swirl flames. The flow dynamics and velocity fields</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>were numerically studied and the results compared with the experimental data</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>obtained by laser measurements. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D)</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>simulations were performed with consideration of a two-step oxy-combustion</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>reaction kinetics model. The Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) combustion model was</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>used in the numerical analysis. The numerical results obtained by EDC model were</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>in good agreement with the experimental data. However, an error analysis showed</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>that the simulated mean velocity components obtained by 3-D geometry were more</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>consistent with the experimental data than those obtained by 2-D geometry.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-539712220150401Biological Conversion of Normal Chain Octadecane by Native Microbial Consortia505811235ENF. Ghavipanjeh*Energy Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Meshkin Dasht, Karaj, IR IranM. PazoukiEnergy Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Meshkin Dasht, Karaj, IR IranZ. Ziaei RadEnergy Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Meshkin Dasht, Karaj, IR IranA. HosseinniaEnergy Department, Materials and Energy Research Center, Meshkin Dasht, Karaj, IR IranJournal Article20151013"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Long-chain alkanes are a major constituent of crude oils and their conversions into</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>other compounds are of interest depending on the specific application. Here, five</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>native microbial consortia obtained from petroleum polluted sites were examined for</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>biological conversion of n-octadecane as a representative of long chain alkanes. The</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>experiments were implemented in 250 mL flasks containing 0.5 g n-octadecane in 40</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>mL culture media kept on a shaker at 160 rpm and 30</em><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>C for one week. A pure culture</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>of Psedumonas putida was inoculated at the same condition for comparison.</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Amongst the consortia, ABN52 imposed more obvious changes on n-octadecane. The</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>GC-MS analysis of daily samples showed the appearance of lighter branched</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>compounds at the first and second days of incubation but disappeared in the</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>following days. At the end of incubation time up to 20 (w/w%) of the initial substrate</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>was turned into polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). It also suggested higher activity of</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the consortia compared to the pure culture of Psedumonas putida.</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Keywords: <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Bioconversion, Aalkanes, Polyhydroxyalkanoate, PHA, Pseudomonas</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Putida</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-539712220150401Adsorption Behavior of Short Alkyl Chain Imidazolium Ionic Liquidsat N-Butyl Acetate + Water Interface: Experiments and Modeling597411236ENJ. SaienBu–Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranM. KharaziBu–Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranS. AsadabadiBu–Ali Sina University, Hamedan, IranJournal Article20151013e"> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The adsorption behavior of three amphiphilic ionic liquids (ILs), 1-alkyl-3-</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>methylimidazolium chloride {[Cnmim][Cl], n=6</em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>8}at the interface of n-butyl acetate</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>+ water system was studied with IL concentration range of 1.00×10</em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>4</em><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-1.00×10</em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>1</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>mol·dm</em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><span style="font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and temperature range of 293.2-318.2 K. The ILs behave as strong</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>surfactants in this chemical system and significantly reduce the interfacial tension</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>with the order of their alkyl chain length and is consistent with their hydrophobicity</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>nature. An almost linear decrease of interfacial tension with temperature was also</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>relevant. The experimental data were satisfactorily reproduced with Szyszkowski</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>equation, implying an ideal ILs adsorption. In this regard, the Langmuir maximum</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>interface excess and equilibrium adsorption constant were obtained at different</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>temperatures for each IL. Accordingly, effectiveness of adsorption and adsorption</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>tendency increase with the alkyl chain length. At the saturated interface, increasing</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>temperature leads to declining Langmuir maximum interface excess due to disrupting</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>surrounding water molecules around ILs hydrophobic portions. However, adsorption</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>tendency of ILs increases slightly with temperature.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-539712220150401Experimental Study and CFD Modeling of the Ohmic Heating Process in a Static Two-Phase Biosolid – Liquid System758711237ENM. Keshavarz Moraveji*Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, IranE. GhaderiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, IranJournal Article20151013<span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The effective parameters on Ohmic heating in static system containing biosolid-water were studied.</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The effects of distribution of particles, salinity and electric field strength on electrical conductivity,</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>profiles of temperature, heat generation have been investigated.</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The experimental data verification with simulation results using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>method were carried out. Governing equations (heat transfer and electrical equations) were</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>discretized with finite element method.</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The experimental data and CFD results showed that in Ohmic heating process, the current diffusion</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>in all the products is faster than traditional methods and the diffusion rates are equal for both</em> <span style="font-size: 9pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>biosolid-liquid phases.</em> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span>